环境标准物质

介绍了环境标准物质在环境监测技术过程中的意义、分类、种类及技术进展动态，引述文献１７篇．     

碱性法高锰酸盐指数标准分析方法的错误

用葡萄糖标准稀溶液来研究碱性法高锰酸盐指数标准分析方法的错误。当采用碱性高锰酸钾标准溶液分析试样时高锰酸钾是被还原成二氧化锰不是二价锰,溶液酸化后加草酸钠标准溶液时,二氧化锰要与草酸反应掉,滴定消耗的高锰酸钾不能真实反映与试样中还原性物质反应的量,还有高锰酸钾反应掉的摩尔数不是[(10 V1)×K-10]×M;改成碱性的离心法把水浴产生的二氧化锰去掉后进行分析,这样消耗的高锰酸钾量可真实地反映与还原性物质的反应量,同时,反应掉的高锰酸钾摩尔数应为[(10 V1)×K-10]×M×3/5,计算公式相应也要乘系数3/5。因此,应该修改碱性法高锰酸盐指数计算公式和相关操作过程,建议国家标准经修订后重新发布。     

Plant phenology in Germany over the 20th century

Analysis of observational phenological data has indicated that the length of the vegetation period (VP), here defined as the time between leaf onset and leaf colouring (LC), has increased in the last decades in the northern latitudes mainly due to an advancement of bud burst. Analysing the patterns of spring phenology over the last century (1880–1999) in Southern Germany showed that the strong advancement of spring phases, especially in the decade before 1999, is not a singular event in the course of the 20th century. Similar trends were also observed in earlier decades. Distinct periods of varying trend direction for important spring phases could be distinguished. Marked differences in trend direction between early and late spring phases were detected, which can be explained by different trends in March and April mean temperatures. The advancement of spring phenology in recent decades is part of the multi-decadal fluctuations over the 20th century that vary with the species and the relevant seasonal temperatures. However, for all Natural Regions in Germany, spring phases were advanced by about 5–20 days on average between 1951 and 1999, LC was delayed between 1951 and 1984, but advanced after 1984 for all considered tree species and the length of the VP increased between 1951 and 1999 for all considered tree species by an average of 10 days throughout Germany.     

风速资料在大型工程中的应用和订正方法

针对大型工程设计和工程气象专题评估对风速资料的特殊要求,探讨适合工程应用的气象站观测风资料和工程现场短期风观测资料的订正方法。根据多个工程现场和气象站的同步风对比观测试验结果及其在工程设计中的实际应用效果,提出在工程应用气象站的风速资料时,进行距地高度、下垫面影响以及时距订正是必要的;不同工程2 min/10 min不同时距风速订正系数和阵风系数应根据现场环境测定,其值与建筑荷载规范推荐的气象站取值有明显差异;对工程现场的长年风速资料外推重构时,根据现场短期观测结果,在对邻近气象站长年历史资料采用均一性t检验法和比值法订正差异显著年份的记录后,利用数理方法重建的结果较好。     

Work domain analysis for air traffic controller weather displays

INTRODUCTION: Adverse weather conditions have a major impact on National Airspace System (NAS) operations. They create safety hazards for pilots, constrain the usable airspace for air traffic control (ATC), and reduce the overall capacity of the NAS. A system-wide dissemination of weather information to controllers could theoretically improve safety and efficiency. PROBLEM: However, it is currently unclear what weather information would be beneficial for tactical operations. Furthermore, no previous research has empirically evaluated optimal presentation designs for ATC weather displays. Ill-designed weather displays can cause safety hazards by presenting redundant information (i.e., by increasing the cognitive load) and display clutter (e.g., by interfering with the visual extraction of traffic data). METHOD: In the present paper, we outline our use of cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques for the assessment of weather information needs for terminal controllers. RESULTS: Specifically, we describe how the CWA modeling tools helped us reveal instances in the terminal domain where weather information is lacking or insufficiently disseminated. We used our CWA results to drive the development of weather display concepts and to set up a high-fidelity simulation capability. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: By means of high-fidelity simulations, we can empirically evaluate controller weather information needs in order to propose weather displays for increased aircraft safety and efficiency of terminal operations.     

环境噪声标准体系设计与相互关系研究

针对当前突出的环境噪声问题,提出了噪声管理需要3个层次不同的标准,每种标准有适用的对象、制订依据、作用和特征,在介绍不同层次标准相互关系基础上提出标准制订和修订的建议.     

大气扩散参数的取样时间订正

就大气环境影响评价浓度预测中 ,对大气扩散参数取样时间订正问题进行了说明和讨论。     

宁波市区道路机动车综合排放因子

机动车综合排放因子是计算城市机动车污染物排放总量和排放分担率的基础,是降低城市机动车排放的重要依据,是控制城市道路交通污染的源头.根据宁波市区道路机动车运行工况的研究成果,利用加速模拟工况(ASM)排放测试系统,检测主要污染物HC,CO和NO_x的排放浓度;依据试验车变速器和主减速器的结构参数,以及试验车在宁波市区道路运行时的档位分布计算排污值,并依据机动车的年代和车型分布对该值进行修正,计算宁波市区道路机动车综合排放因子.结果表明,宁波市区道路机动车主要污染物HC,CO和NO_x的综合排放因子分别为5.89,21.22和18.91 g/(km·辆).      

The influence of neighborhood traffic density on the respiratory health of elementary schoolchildren

Background

Several studies have found that living near major roadways is associated with an increase in respiratory illness but few studies have measured the volume and type of traffic.

Objective

We investigated the relation between traffic volume and respiratory health of 2328 children 9 to 11 years old in the city of Windsor, Canada.

Methods

We identified the roadways within a 200 meter radius of the child's neighborhood using the latitude and longitude of the residential postal code. Traffic exposure was defined as the sum of the annual volume of vehicles on all of these roadways. Volume was calculated using sensors to detect passing vehicles (simple traffic counts), and by counts and direction of traffic at intersections (turning movement counts). Ventilatory lung function was measured by spirometry and airway inflammation by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO).

Results

The odds ratio between an interquartile increase in truck turning movement counts and chest congestion was 1.20 (1.06-1.35). The percentage of predicted FVC declined 0.68%, (95% CI 1.32, 0.03) for an interquartile increase in simple traffic counts (33,787 vehicles daily). Among those with self-reported asthma, effect sizes were larger. Percentage predicted FEV₁ declined 1.84% (95% CI 0.07, 3.61) associated with an interquartile range increase in turning movement counts. No statistically significant change was detected between traffic measures and exhaled nitric oxide.

Conclusions

Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that neighborhood exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases respiratory symptoms and reduces ventilatory function in children, especially those with self-reported asthma.     

发展我国大气颗粒物标准样品的国际经验和建议

介绍了国内外大气颗粒物标准样品体系构成及制备技术,分析了我国大气颗粒物标准样品存在的种类和目标组分单一、研制技术薄弱等问题。在借鉴国外发展经验和考虑我国需求和研究能力的基础上,提出了拓宽大气颗粒物标准样品基质和污染物种类、完善标准样品体系、加强合作与科研投入、逐步攻克研制技术难点等对策和建议。